The most common Leptospira serovars infecting dogs were reported to be canicola and icterohaemorrhagia in older studies, but pomona and grippotyphosa have been the most common isolated in recent studies. This shift may represent exposure of pet dogs to infected wildlife such as raccoons and opossums, which inhabit suburban and urban areas.

Treatment: Renal failure and liver disease are treated with fluid therapy and other supportive measures to maintain normal fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Antibiotic therapy consists of penicillin, tetracycline, or doxycycline to eliminate leptospiremia, followed by tetracycline or doxycycline to eliminate the renal carrier phase. Tetracycline should be used with caution in azotemic animals. The fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as enrofloxacin also appear to be leptospirocidal.